Aggression has 4 criteria: it must be a behaviour, there must be harm or injury, the harm must be suffered by another person and the act must be intentional. The exam board credits a 5th criteria (even though, technically it is incorrect) : it is against the rules of the sport.
Hostile Aggression: is where the primary (only) goal is to hurt the other person. these acts are often an angry / emotional response and will be outside the rules. Examples of hostile aggression are often the worst forms - Mike Tyson biting Holfield's ear, Roy Keane tackling Haaland on the knee and Manu Tuilagi punching Chris Ashton.
Instrumental Aggression: is where the primary goal is to win and the secondary goal (used as the instrument to achieve the win) is aggression. In other words, you are aggressive in order to win. Examples could be a tackle in football where you follow through in order to hurt the start player so they don't play well or boxing.
Assertiveness / Assertion: is where you play physically tough and hard but fair. There is no intent to harm & so any harm is accidental. Assertiveness is NOT aggressive. Examples could be going in 100% to win the ball in a tackle or trying your best to beat your opponent to the ball.
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